פומביות החמץ מסכנת את אופי המדינה

פומביות החמץ מסכנת את אופי המדינה

אורי פז
http://www.notes.co.il/uripaz/index.asp 10.04.2008 23:40
שמירה על מאפיינים מסוימים

שמירה על מאפיינים מסוימים


הפרשנות הצרה של השופטת להגדרת “פומבי” רחוקה מתכלית החוק ומהשכל הישר *** מה יעשה הנכנס לסופרמרקט כדי לקנות דברי חלב וביצים ואינו רוצה להיתקל בחמץ? *** תכלית הוראת חוק החמץ היא התחשבות ברגשותיו של השומר על מצוות “בל ייראה” חמץ בפסח. החלטת השופטת חוטאת לתכלית זו.



השופטת תמר בר-אשר צבן פסקה שמכולת, מסעדה ופיצרייה אינן בגדר “מקום פומבי”, ולכן מותר למכור בהן חמץ בפסח. וסביר להניח שבפסח 2008 יוצג החמץ ברחבי ישראל כפי שלא הוצג מראשית ימי המדינה.

קו ישר נמתח מפסיקת בג”ץ שהתירה ממכר חזיר באזורי תעשייה, לבין הידרדרות בתי המשפט בביטול החוקים המעניקים צביון יהודי לפרהסיה של ישראל, כמו איסור הצגת חמץ, סגירת מסעדות ובתי קולנוע בתשעה באב וביום השואה ואיסור גידול חזיר. הצעד הבא יביא כנראה לתחבורה ציבורית ומסחר חופשי בשבת. 

הפרשנות הצרה של השופטת להגדרת “פומבי” רחוקה מתכלית החוק ומהשכל הישר. וכי מה יעשה הנכנס לסופרמרקט כדי לקנות דברי חלב וביצים ואינו רוצה להיתקל בחמץ? מעבר לחוסר ההיגיון שבפסיקה, תכלית הוראת חוק החמץ היא כמובן התחשבות ברגשותיו של השומר על מצוות “בל ייראה” חמץ בפסח. החלטת השופטת חוטאת לתכלית זו.

מימוש אופי המדינה כיהודית ודמוקרטית, כנקבע במגילת העצמאות ובחוקי היסוד, היא סוגיה חשובה בדיון. במדינה יהודית יש שמירה על מאפיינים מסוימים, כשהמחוקק מקפיד שלא לכפות על הציבור הכללי הלכות דתיות כמות-שהן. מהשופט חיים כהן המנוח, הלוחם הבולט בכפייה דתית, למדנו שיש בכך למחוקק כמה מניעים: להפגין את חילוניות החוק, שלא לשים עצמו פוסק הלכות דתיות, ולקיים את עיקרון “חופש הדת”. כלומר, גם אם תמלא אחר הוראות חוקי המדינה, עדיין לא שמרת מצווה דתית.

אמנם שבת ומועדי ישראל הם ימי המנוחה הרשמיים ליהודים, אבל בין יום המנוחה הרשמי לבין שמירת שבת כהלכתה אין ולא כלום. לא זו בלבד שחוקי המדינה מאפשרים לכל אדם לחלל שבת כראות עיניו, אין גם דמיון בין שבת חולין לבין שבת קודש יהודית. גם חוק החזיר, הקובע איסור לגדל חזירים, מטרתו אמנם דתית-לאומית אך איסור התורה הוא לאכול חזיר. החוק מאפשר לאזרח לאכול בשר לבן כאוות נפשו. כך גם בחוק האוסר הצגת חמץ בפסח: איסור התורה הוא לאכול חמץ ועל הימצאות החמץ בבית. ואילו החוק אוסר רק הצגת חמץ למכירה בפומבי, ומבחינתו ניתן לאכול ולהחזיק חמץ בפסח.

מאחר שחוק החמץ נעדר מטרה דתית, הוא לא מהווה כפייה דתית, אלא נועד לשמר את הציבוריות היהודית. זכותו המלאה של כל אזרח במדינה לאגור לחם ופיתות בביתו. עם זאת, חובתו של עם לחיות על-פי תרבותו הלאומית לרבדיה כפי שעוצבה במהלך הדורות, שכן מסורת תרבותית של עם הולכת ומתעצבת במשך דורות רבים, ולא בדור אחד. זו מהותה של תרבות לאומית.

 דמותה של ישראל כמדינה יהודית מושתתת על התודעה ההיסטורית המשותפת, על שותפות הגורל ועל ערכים תרבותיים לאומיים. תשתית זו כוללת אימוץ סמלים לאומיים. איסור אכילת החמץ והימצאותו בפסח הוא אתוס יהודי-לאומי בעל משמעות בעיני העם היהודי בכללותו, ושורשיו שתולים בימיו הקדומים ביותר.

אותה מערכת רעיונות יהודית של אבותינו בנוגע לאי-הצגתו בפרהסיה ולאי-אכילתו של החמץ ושיתוף הפעולה במטרה לשמר את אורח החיים היהודי ואת חיי הרוח היהודים במשך מאות שנים של נדודים ורדיפות – אותו אתוס הוא חלק חשוב במארג של אתוס קולקטיבי אחד להתגדר בו ואמת-מידה אחת להישען עליה במדינת היהודים כיום.

המדינה היהודית מקיימת את האתוס היהודי, והוא מתבטא בין השאר בסמליה היהודים ובחגיה. ההיתר המשפטי להצגת חמץ בפסח הוא ויתור על אחד הסמלים המקיימים אותו. פומביות מכירת החמץ מסכנת את קיומה של ישראל כמדינת יהודית.

רוב הציבור היהודי בישראל שומר כשרות, גם אם אינו מקפיד בקלה כבחמורה. אוכלי החמץ הם מיעוט, ועל פי הסקרים חל גידול במספר הישראלים המקפידים לא לאכול חמץ בכל ימי הפסח. סביר להניח שמדובר בשינוי מגמה, המצביעה עד כמה שהפסיקה המשפטית מנותקת מהמציאות.

אורי פז, עורך וחוקר יהדות

למאמר המקורי

 ____________

עוד על פסק הדין בעניין החמץ:

שמחה ניר: רגשות דתיים, חוק חילוני והסדרים פוליטיים – על פסק-הדין בעניין החמץ

דני רשף: הפסיקה

 

 



תגובה אחת על “פומביות החמץ מסכנת את אופי המדינה”

  1. If you want to look like an athlete, you’ve got to train like an athlete.
    We can’t overlook the worth of these foundational workout routines
    that we’re capable of overload essentially the most.
    Hashimashi.com’s content is for informational and educational purposes only.
    All you do is clip the grips to your bar to increase its
    diameter and make it more durable to hold. Utilizing
    an adjustable weight bench means you’ll be able to customize
    the again help angle to go well with your needs and
    preferences. Sit down and seize the handles with your
    most well-liked grip – extensive, slender, or palms turned in.
    Suppose about pulling your shoulder blades towards
    your backbone on the lifting phase, quite than just lifting it straight up, cues Saini.
    Click On here to return to our record of power training programs and exercises.
    Again, be at liberty to take the biceps workouts
    and do them as a stand-alone exercise or as part of your again or chest exercise.
    As An Alternative, you rely on your back exercises to care for your biceps, too.
    To perform body weight curls, you want one thing to connect TRX-style bands to
    that will hold your weight. TRX (Total-Body Resistance Exercise) is a particular brand and never
    a reasonable one at that, however you ought to use gymnastic rings, which are
    very fairly priced, instead.
    Whether Or Not you are a seasoned gym-goer or a health
    newbie, incorporating the best shoulder workout routines into your routine is
    essential for achieving those coveted “boulder shoulders.” This
    shoulder exercise is as much a check of mental energy as
    it is a muscle builder! Variations of the Hercules hold usually function in strongman competitions.

    You will doubtless notice individuals in the health club add a twisting motion at the prime of the raise.
    That small twist takes the strain off the deltoids and shifts to the lats and upper
    back. If you need to hold the focus on the shoulders, remember to do this
    train with good, managed kind.
    When totally developed, there are few things extra spectacular on the bodybuilder’s physique than huge, well-rounded delts.
    Many trainees own a pair of massive arms, or have nice, thick chests,
    but it’s far more rare to see a few “cannonballs” hanging off the
    clavicles. Make certain that for each single rep you do you’re not centered on pulling,
    but instead on maintaining the knuckles dealing with backward to demand exterior rotation. This helps to incorporate the rotator
    cuff with the rear delt to help provide support for the shoulder.

    Whereas the Cuban press is often done utilizing a barbell or dumbbells, it can additionally be accomplished utilizing a low cable machine and a revolving bar.
    If you want to construct broad, muscular shoulders, contemplate this exercise from famous bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger.
    His take on the dumbbell overhead press engages all three sections of your deltoids.

    Engage your core to assist maintain your lower ribs down and lower back pressing into the
    wall. Relaxation for 15 to 30 seconds and repeat for a complete of
    two sets and 10 breaths. This stack is designed for skilled powerlifters who’ve accomplished at least three cycles and possess a
    solid understanding of correct coaching, hormone biking, and diet.
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    As Soon As you’re into your workout, you have to handle the load you are lifting.
    If you begin to wrestle, drop the burden or pickup
    a lighter choice. Go hard or go house might work for some muscles, however in terms
    of shoulder exercises it’s simply not price it. This train strengthens the rear delts and improves shoulder stability, decreasing the danger of damage.

    It also needs a range of apparatus, together with a barbell,
    dumbbell and weights bench. Yes, 3 workout routines could be enough for shoulders if they target all deltoid heads.
    Embody overhead press (heavy, 4-6 reps), lateral raises (moderate, 8-12 reps),
    and face pulls (light, reps) for balanced growth. The shoulders are
    your body’s most versatile joint, however they are additionally the
    most susceptible to long term wear and tear. So,
    you want to approach your shoulder workouts in a way that gives you the very best reward with the lowest danger.

    Bear In Mind that the arms are already skilled with every single upper-body compound movement.
    This implies that in reality, you don’t even want to
    use arm-specific workouts to create massive, sturdy arms.
    Easy, fundamental, and effective, the lateral raise is considered one of the hottest arm workouts there’s.

    It Is additionally one of many few moves that most individuals
    sort of know the method to do. And by type of, we mean they nonetheless mess it up pretty dangerous, which
    is why you should take the time to read our how-to.
    By strengthening your upper and mid trapezius muscles, you’ll support the
    muscles that help promote an excellent posture. Other workouts
    that promote flexibility and core energy may even assist with your posture.
    This dumbbell shrug variation includes mendacity susceptible
    on an incline bench, which maximizes higher lure stimulation. Saini recommends lowering the dumbbells towards the floor
    till you feel a deep stretch within the entice muscles.
    Are you bored with the standard dumbbell shrugs and looking for a challenge?
    Holding the dumbbells in the overhead place puts additional load on the traps,
    which can lead to new adaptations. The trapezius muscle, or traps, is the second largest
    back muscle group after the lats.
    Maintain your band in entrance of your body, barely
    beneath chest height (A). Keeping your arms straight, explosively pull the band aside, squeezing your shoulder blades
    collectively. Unlike the hip, which has a deep ball-and-socket construction for support, the
    shoulder’s shallow socket depends on a community of muscular tissues, tendons and ligaments for
    stability.
    Whereas shoulder training might be a bit discouraging if you first start,
    as the lifts could additionally be lower than stellar, you will likely advance quite rapidly following this program.
    Again, when you’ve by no means significantly skilled your shoulders
    and your overhead press is weak, you will want to make small jumps in weight.
    Nonetheless, many gyms only enable a minimal 5-pound leap (2 x 2.5-pound plates), while others only permit a
    10-pound bounce (2 x 5-pound plates). The barbell overhead press is a wonderful finisher to completely exhaust your shoulders.
    The upright row tends to have a bad rap, but that is as
    a outcome of it’s accomplished incorrectly and infrequently with a barbell.

    When you’re feeling like you’ve begun mastering normal bench
    presses you can vary the train by inclining the bench you’re urgent from.

    Altering the incline of the bench shifts the muscular tissues involved in pressing your weights away from your
    chest. Your delts are the star of the show in relation to building out your shoulder width.
    Significantly your mid delts are what you want to concentrate on if you’re trying to
    broaden your shoulders. They’re split into three
    sections, the anterior, the posterior, and the medial delts make up the triangle-shaped guardians of your shoulder joint.
    There are a quantity of ways you can progressive overload with bodyweight shoulder
    workout routines and workouts. Some of the workouts will use a slow,
    managed tempo, while others are more explosive.

    Compound actions like push-ups and chin-ups are an efficient
    way to include several muscle groups inside the upper physique, difficult it as a system.
    The seated neutral-grip overhead dumbbell press is a fantastic train for
    building energy and definition in your shoulders, particularly your anterior deltoids and lateral deltoids.
    What sets the Seated Rear Dumbbell Lateral Raise aside is its capability to isolate the rear deltoids.

    By performing this exercise seated, you eliminate a lot of the body momentum that can detract from pure muscle work.

    Do every thing you’ll be able to to “push” these
    dumbbells out with side delt power solely, and hold them transferring
    as long as attainable. You will be stunned at what
    a burn these can produce, and what a shock they can be to the usually “lightly-worked” side delts.
    With this train, the resistance isn’t coming from the ground up,
    like it would in a typical dumbbell or barbell press.
    It’s pulling you toward the entrance, which suggests you must activate the muscular tissues on the
    again side of your body. These are the rear delt and more importantly,
    the rotator cuff muscle tissue. By all means, include a few isolation exercises in your shoulder-building workouts, however for greatest
    measurement and strength outcomes, your focus should be on compound shoulder exercises.

    There is no reason to adopt and stick with a single coaching modality when they all supply advantages.
    It’s also price noting that whereas lower reps with heavier loads are greatest for building absolute strength,
    research point out that you can build muscle with lighter weights and
    higher reps (5). Use the next information to ensure your shoulder workouts are as protected and effective as potential.

    Just since you need to get wider doesn’t suggest you must ignore your
    different deltoids. This Is a exercise that can hit all of the heads however
    places special give attention to the aspect deltoids.

    Sure, we’re counting this as a special train as a outcome
    of it’s. Whereas it does use the identical movement (for probably
    the most part), the fixed rigidity of the cable machine
    on your shoulders gives an extra stage of
    issue and increases time under rigidity.
    That being said, the shoulder is a fragile joint, and even should you
    aren’t doing a dedicated shoulder workout, you’ll
    nonetheless be coaching your shoulders during compound lifts.
    Take this into consideration when calculating your overall weekly volume,
    and spread your shoulder workouts over a number of days to keep away from overtraining.

    Being that the deltoid is a three-headed muscle, it is
    important to work each of those heads equally so as to bring
    about proportional and complete development. All of the additional work that these two deltoid heads receive can often result
    in the facet (lateral) head falling behind.

    One of the cool issues about utilizing dumbbells that
    I didn’t point out is that you could easily do these workouts at
    home. So just get a few completely different sizes in dumbbells and a bench,
    and you can save a trip to the gym that day. As a dumbbell is a
    singular implement, you have the liberty to make use of numerous grips and arm angles.
    For example, dumbbells enable a impartial grip which is impossible to perform with a barbell.

    As with the opposite shoulder workout routines, start off with a light weight,
    as you’ll slowly however absolutely really feel increasingly fatigued as you work your method by way of the repetitions.

    The dumbbell shoulder press primarily works
    the entrance deltoids. By utilizing dumbbells, you force all sides of the muscle to work independently whereas additionally recruiting the stabilizer muscle tissue of the shoulder joint.
    Constructing robust, well-defined shoulders is key to achieving
    the iconic Alpha male physique. Broad shoulders give you the width that enhances the putting
    V-shaped upper body. With all three deltoid muscle heads absolutely developed, you’ll seem powerful and
    broad, whether or not you’re rocking a t-shirt or dressed up in a swimsuit.

    As An Alternative, you want to raise your arms keeping them straight with palms going through the floor, and carry
    them out to the aspect by initiating the contraction from the deltoids.

    Named after the world’s most well-known Arnold (yes, Schwarzenegger), this variation of the overhead press will increase vary of motion and hits all three heads of the deltoids.
    Remember to rotate your workouts for balanced development and steady enchancment.
    All The Time start with warm-up sets to arrange the muscle tissue and
    forestall harm. Pay attention to form and approach, particularly when lifting heavy weights.
    Building stronger, fuller shoulders requires an understanding of the
    deltoid muscle’s anatomy. This muscle contains three heads – anterior, lateral, and
    posterior – each needing specific exercises for balanced
    improvement. Time to actually check these side delts now with some lateral raises.

    It is really helpful to perform shoulder workouts
    2-3 occasions per It is recommended that shoulder
    workout routines be performed 2-3 times per week, with a minimum of one day of rest between each session. The
    Reverse Cable Crossover helps you to strengthen and tone the
    rear deltoid muscular tissues. When doing a shoulder workout with
    a cable machine, you’ll be able to add loads of single-arm workout routines to appropriate potential imbalances.
    Cable workouts are an excellent place to start if you would like to
    add some selection to your shoulder workout routine.

    Keep In Mind, reaching actual fitness and critical
    muscle gains takes a substantial amount of time to realize.
    If you’re using this program, you still need to hit your chest,
    again, and legs every week. I suggest using our Ultimate Back and Chest Exercise and this Ultimate Leg Exercise.
    It is straightforward to do and requires no more scientific details and fancy
    gear.
    My quad muscular tissues would shake even making an attempt to balance and lower down on my left leg or perform a easy heel faucet on that one
    aspect. I even began quietly singing to myself the 1960s
    ‘Jump within the Line Shake, Senora’ calypso song
    by Lord Kitchener, while watching my quad muscle shake and
    trying to steadiness. The neck incorporates a quantity of
    muscular tissues that assist head place, posture, and
    respiratory. “Centurion” refers again to the one hundred kettlebell swings you complete through the workout,
    and that’s on high of the 2 other shoulder-focused exercises.

    References:

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